Isiphumo sokusebenza kwenkqubo yesandi simiselwa ngokudibeneyo zizixhobo zomthombo wesandi kunye nokuqiniswa kwesandi kwinqanaba elilandelayo, eliquka umthombo wesandi, ukulungiswa, izixhobo ezingaphandle, ukuqiniswa kwesandi kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano.

1. Inkqubo yomthombo wesandi

Imakrofoni likhonkco lokuqala lenkqubo yokuqinisa isandi okanye inkqubo yokurekhoda, kwaye umgangatho wayo uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho wenkqubo yonke. Imakrofoni zahlulwe zibe ngamacandelo amabini: ezifakwe intambo nezingenazingcingo ngokwendlela yokudlulisela isignali.

Iimayikrofoni ezingenazingcingo zifanelekile ngokukodwa ekuthatheni imithombo yesandi ephathwayo. Ukuze kube lula ukufota isandi kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, inkqubo nganye yemayikrofoni engenazingcingo inokuxhotyiswa ngemayikrofoni ephathwayo kunye nemayikrofoni yeLavalier. Ekubeni isitudiyo sinenkqubo yokuqinisa isandi ngaxeshanye, ukuze kuthintelwe impendulo ye-acoustic, imayikrofoni ephathwayo engenazingcingo kufuneka isebenzise imayikrofoni ethetha kufutshane ye-cardioid unidirectional ukuze ifote intetho kunye nokucula. Kwangaxeshanye, inkqubo yemayikrofoni engenazingcingo kufuneka yamkele ubuchwepheshe bokwamkela obahlukeneyo, obungenakuphucula kuphela uzinzo lwesignali efunyenweyo, kodwa bukwanceda ekususeni i-engile efileyo kunye nendawo engaboniyo yesignali efunyenweyo.

Imakrofoni eneentambo ine-microphone enemisebenzi emininzi, amaxesha amaninzi, kunye namanqanaba amaninzi. Ukuthatha umxholo wolwimi okanye wokucula, iimakrofoni ze-cardioid condenser zihlala zisetyenziswa, kwaye iimakrofoni ze-electret ezinokunxitywa nazo zingasetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinemithombo yesandi engaguqukiyo; iimakrofoni ze-condenser ezisebenzisa i-super-directional condenser zingasetyenziselwa ukufumana iziphumo zokusingqongileyo; izixhobo ze-percussion zihlala zisetyenziswa Iimakrofoni ze-moving coil ezibuthathaka kakhulu; iimakrofoni ze-condenser ezikumgangatho ophezulu zeentambo, iikhibhodi kunye nezinye izixhobo zomculo; iimakrofoni ze-close-talk eziqondiswe kakhulu zingasetyenziswa xa iimfuno zengxolo yokusingqongileyo ziphezulu; iimakrofoni ze-condenser ze-gooseneck ezine-single-point kufuneka zisetyenziswe kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuguquguquka kwabadlali abakhulu bemidlalo yeqonga.

Inani kunye nohlobo lweemayikrofoni zinokukhethwa ngokweemfuno zokwenyani zesiza.

2. Inkqubo yokulungisa

Inxalenye ephambili yenkqubo yokulungisa yi-mixer, enokukhulisa, ukunciphisa, kunye nokulungisa ngokuguquguqukayo imiqondiso yomthombo wesandi sokufaka samanqanaba ahlukeneyo kunye ne-impedance; sebenzisa i-equalizer eqhotyoshelweyo ukucubungula ibhendi nganye yefrikhwensi yesignali; Emva kokulungisa umlinganiselo wokuxuba wesignali nganye yetshaneli, itshaneli nganye yabelwa kwaye ithunyelwa kwicala ngalinye lokwamkela; lawula isignali yokuqinisa isandi ephilayo kunye nesignali yokurekhoda.

Kukho izinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka uziqwalasele xa usebenzisa i-mixer. Okokuqala, khetha izinto zokufaka ezinomthamo omkhulu wokuthwala izibuko zokufaka kunye nempendulo ebanzi ye-frequency kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ungakhetha nokuba yi-microphone input okanye i-line input. I-input nganye ineqhosha lokulawula inqanaba eliqhubekayo kunye neswitshi yamandla e-phantom ye-48V. . Ngale ndlela, inxalenye yokungenisa yetshaneli nganye inokuphucula inqanaba lesignali yokungenisa ngaphambi kokuba icutshungulwe. Okwesibini, ngenxa yeengxaki zempendulo yempendulo kunye nokujonga ukubuya kwesigaba ekuqiniseni isandi, Okukhona ukulingana ngakumbi kwezinto zokufaka, iziphumo ezincedisayo kunye neziphumo zeqela, kokukhona kungcono, kwaye ulawulo lulula. Okwesithathu, kukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kwenkqubo, i-mixer inokuxhotyiswa ngezixhobo zamandla ezimbini eziphambili kunye nezilindileyo, kwaye inokutshintsha ngokuzenzekelayo. Lungisa kwaye ulawule isigaba sesignali yesandi), ii-port zokungenisa kunye neziphumo zikhethwa njengee-socket ze-XLR.

3. Izixhobo ezikufutshane

Ukuqinisa isandi kwindawo kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba isandi siphezulu ngokwaneleyo ngaphandle kokuvelisa impendulo ye-acoustic, ukuze izithethi kunye nee-amplifiers zamandla zikhuseleke. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuze kugcinwe ukucaca kwesandi, kodwa kwakhona ukuze kulungiswe ukusilela kokuqina kwesandi, kuyimfuneko ukufaka izixhobo zokucubungula isandi phakathi komxube kunye ne-amplifiers zamandla, ezifana nee-equalizers, ii-feedback suppressors, ii-compressors, ii-exciters, ii-frequency dividers, kunye ne-Sound distributor.

I-frequency equalizer kunye ne-feedback suppressor zisetyenziselwa ukucinezela impendulo yesandi, ukulungisa iziphene zesandi, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukucaca kwesandi. I-compressor isetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-power amplifier ayizukubangela ukugqithiswa okanye ukuphazamiseka xa idibana nencopho enkulu yesignali yokufaka, kwaye inokukhusela i-power amplifier kunye nezithethi. I-exciter isetyenziselwa ukuhombisa isiphumo sesandi, oko kukuthi, ukuphucula umbala wesandi, ukungena, kunye ne-stereo Sense, ukucaca kunye ne-bass effect. I-frequency divider isetyenziselwa ukuthumela imiqondiso yeebhendi zefrikhwensi ezahlukeneyo kwi-power amplifier yazo ehambelanayo, kwaye ii-power amplifier ziyandisa imiqondiso yesandi kwaye ziyikhuphe kwisithethi. Ukuba ufuna ukuvelisa inkqubo yesiphumo sobugcisa esikumgangatho ophezulu, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa i-electronic crossover ene-segment ezintathu kuyilo lwenkqubo yokuqinisa isandi.

Kukho iingxaki ezininzi ekufakweni kwenkqubo yesandi. Ukungaqwalaselwa kakuhle kwendawo yoqhagamshelo kunye nolandelelwano lwezixhobo ezikwicala kuphumela ekusebenzeni okungekho semgangathweni kwezixhobo, kwaye nezixhobo ziyatsha. Uqhagamshelo lwezixhobo ezikwicala ngokubanzi lufuna ucwangco: i-equalizer ifumaneka emva komxube; kwaye i-feedback suppressor akufuneki ibekwe phambi kwe-equalizer. Ukuba i-feedback suppressor ibekwe phambi kwe-equalizer, kunzima ukuyisusa ngokupheleleyo i-acoustic feedback, nto leyo engayilungelelanisiyo i-Feedback suppressor; i-compressor kufuneka ibekwe emva kwe-equalizer kunye ne-feedback suppressor, kuba umsebenzi ophambili we-compressor kukucinezela imiqondiso egqithisileyo kunye nokukhusela i-power amplifier kunye nezithethi; i-exciter iqhagamshelwe phambi kwe-power amplifier; I-electronic crossover iqhagamshelwe phambi kwe-power amplifier njengoko kufuneka.

Ukuze inkqubo erekhodiweyo ifumane iziphumo ezilungileyo, iiparameter zecompressor kufuneka zilungiswe ngokufanelekileyo. Nje ukuba icompressor ifike kwimeko ecinezelweyo, iya kuba nefuthe elonakalisayo kwisandi, ngoko zama ukuyiphepha icompressor kwimeko ecinezelweyo ixesha elide. Umgaqo osisiseko wokudibanisa icompressor kwitshaneli enkulu yokwandisa kukuba izixhobo ezingasemva kwayo akufuneki zibe nomsebenzi wokunyusa isignali kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kungenjalo icompressor ayinakudlala indima yokukhusela konke konke. Yingakho i-equalizer kufuneka ibekwe phambi kwe-feedback suppressor, kwaye icompressor ibekwe emva kwe-feedback suppressor.

I-exciter isebenzisa i-psychoacoustic phenomena yabantu ukudala ii-harmonic components eziphezulu ngokwe-frequency esisiseko yesandi. Kwangaxeshanye, umsebenzi wokwandisa ii-frequency eziphantsi unokudala ii-low-frequency components ezicebileyo kwaye uphucule ngakumbi ithoni. Ke ngoko, isignali yesandi eveliswa yi-exciter ine-frequency band ebanzi kakhulu. Ukuba i-frequency band ye-compressor ibanzi kakhulu, kunokwenzeka ukuba i-exciter iqhagamshelwe phambi kwe-compressor.

I-electronic frequency divider iqhagamshelwe phambi kwe-power amplifier njengoko kufunekayo ukuhlawula iziphene ezibangelwe yimeko-bume kunye nempendulo ye-frequency yemithombo yesandi yenkqubo eyahlukeneyo; eyona ngxaki inkulu kukuba uqhagamshelo kunye nokulungisa iimpazamo kuyingxaki kwaye kulula ukubangela iingozi. Okwangoku, kuye kwavela iiprosesa ze-audio zedijithali, ezidibanisa imisebenzi engentla, kwaye zinokuba krelekrele, zilula ukuzisebenzisa, kwaye zingcono ekusebenzeni.

4. Inkqubo yokuqinisa isandi

Inkqubo yokuqinisa isandi kufuneka iqaphele ukuba kufuneka ihlangabezane namandla esandi kunye nokufana kwentsimi yesandi; ukumiswa ngokuchanekileyo kwezithethi ezibukhoma kunokuphucula ukucaca kokuqinisa isandi, kunciphise ukulahleka kwamandla esandi kunye nempendulo ye-acoustic; amandla ombane apheleleyo enkqubo yokuqinisa isandi kufuneka agcinelwe i-30%-50% yamandla agciniweyo; sebenzisa ii-headphones zokujonga ezingenazingcingo.

5. Uqhagamshelo lwenkqubo

Ukuhambelana kwe-impedance kunye nokuhambelana kwamanqanaba kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kumbandela wokunxibelelana kwesixhobo. Ibhalansi kunye nokungalingani zihambelana nendawo yokubhekisa. Ixabiso lokuxhathisa (ixabiso le-Impedance) lamacala omabini esignali emhlabeni lilingana, kwaye i-polarity ichasene, okuyi-input okanye i-output elinganisiweyo. Ekubeni imiqondiso yokuphazamiseka efunyenwe zii-terminals ezimbini ezilinganisiweyo inexabiso elifanayo kunye ne-polarity efanayo, imiqondiso yokuphazamiseka inokurhoxisana kumthwalo wokudluliselwa okulinganisiweyo. Ke ngoko, isekethe elinganisiweyo inamandla angcono okunciphisa i-common-mode kunye nokulwa nokuphazamiseka. Uninzi lwezixhobo zesandi zobungcali zisebenzisa ukunxibelelana okulinganisiweyo.

Uqhagamshelo lwesithethi kufuneka lusebenzise iiseti ezininzi zeentambo zesithethi ezimfutshane ukunciphisa ukumelana komgca. Ngenxa yokuba ukumelana komgca kunye nokuxhathisa ukuphuma kwe-amplifier yamandla kuya kuchaphazela ixabiso le-Q eliphantsi le-frequency yenkqubo yesithethi, iimpawu zexesha elifutshane ze-frequency ephantsi ziya kuba zimbi, kwaye umgca wokudlulisela uya kuvelisa ukuphazamiseka ngexesha lokudluliselwa kwemiqondiso yesandi. Ngenxa ye-capacitance esasazekileyo kunye ne-inductance esasazekileyo yomgca wokudlulisela, zombini zineempawu ezithile ze-frequency. Ekubeni isignali yenziwe ngamacandelo amaninzi e-frequency, xa iqela leempawu zesandi ezenziwe ngamacandelo amaninzi e-frequency lidlula kumgca wokudlulisela, ukulibaziseka kunye nokuncitshiswa okubangelwa ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo e-frequency kwahlukile, okubangela oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-amplitude distortion kunye ne-phase distortion. Ngokubanzi, ukuphazamiseka kusoloko kukho. Ngokwemeko yethiyori yomgca wokudlulisela, imeko engenakulahleka ye-R=G=0 ayizukubangela ukuphazamiseka, kwaye ukulahleka okupheleleyo nako akunakwenzeka. Kwimeko yokulahleka okulinganiselweyo, imeko yokudluliselwa kwesignali ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka yi-L/R=C/G, kwaye umgca wokudlulisela ofanayo uhlala uyi-L/R.

6. Ukulungisa iimpazamo kwinkqubo

Ngaphambi kokulungisa, qala usete i-curve yenqanaba lenkqubo ukuze inqanaba lesignali yenqanaba ngalinye libe ngaphakathi koluhlu oluguquguqukayo lwesixhobo, kwaye akuyi kubakho kunqunyulwa okungekuko komgca ngenxa yenqanaba lesignali eliphezulu kakhulu, okanye inqanaba lesignali eliphantsi kakhulu ukubangela uthelekiso lwesignali-kwingxolo. Akukuhle, xa useta i-curve yenqanaba lenkqubo, i-curve yenqanaba le-mixer ibaluleke kakhulu. Emva kokuseta inqanaba, uphawu lwe-frequency yenkqubo lunokulungiswa.

Izixhobo zanamhlanje ze-electro-acoustic zobungcali ezinomgangatho ongcono zihlala zineempawu ze-frequency ezithe tyaba kakhulu kuluhlu lwe-20Hz-20KHz. Nangona kunjalo, emva koqhagamshelo lwamanqanaba amaninzi, ingakumbi izithethi, zisenokungabi nazo iimpawu ze-frequency ezithe tyaba kakhulu. Indlela yokulungisa echanekileyo yindlela yokuhlaziya i-pink noise-spectrum. Inkqubo yokulungisa le ndlela kukufaka ingxolo epinki kwinkqubo yesandi, ukuyiphinda-phinda yisithethi, kwaye usebenzise imakrofoni yokuvavanya ukuze ufumane isandi kwindawo efanelekileyo yokumamela eholweni. Imakrofoni yokuvavanya iqhagamshelwe kwi-spectrum analyzer, i-spectrum analyzer inokubonisa iimpawu ze-amplitude-frequency zenkqubo yesandi seholweni, ize emva koko ilungise ngononophelo i-equalizer ngokweziphumo zokulinganisa i-spectrum ukuze yenze iimpawu ze-amplitude-frequency zizonke zibe zithe tyaba. Emva kokulungisa, kungcono ukujonga ii-waveforms zenqanaba ngalinye nge-oscilloscope ukuze ubone ukuba inqanaba elithile line-clipping distortion ebangelwe kukulungiswa okukhulu kwe-equalizer.

Ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo: i-voltage yombane kufuneka ihlale izinzile; iqokobhe lesixhobo ngasinye kufuneka libe semgangathweni ukuze kuthintelwe ukuduma; ukungena kunye nokuphuma kwesiginali kufuneka kulungelelaniswe; kuthintelwe iingcingo ezikhululekileyo kunye nokuwelda okungaqhelekanga.