Izinto ezikwisandi zingahlulwa zibe yinxalenye yomthombo wesandi (umthombo wesignali), inxalenye yesandisi-lizwi samandla kunye nenxalenye yesithethi kwi-hardware.

Umthombo wesandi: Umthombo wesandi yinxalenye yomthombo wenkqubo yesandi, apho isandi sokugqibela sesithethi sivela khona. Imithombo yesandi eqhelekileyo yile: abadlali beCD, abadlali beLP vinyl, abadlali bedijithali, ii-tuner zerediyo kunye nezinye izixhobo zokudlala isandi. Ezi zixhobo ziguqula okanye zinciphise imiqondiso yesandi kwimidiya yokugcina okanye kwizikhululo zerediyo zibe yimiqondiso yesandi ye-analog ngokuguqula idijithali ukuya kwi-analog okanye isiphumo se-demodulation.

I-Power amplifier: I-power amplifier inokwahlulwa ibe yi-front-stage kunye ne-back-stage. I-front-stage ilungisa isignali evela kumthombo wesandi, kuquka kodwa kungaphelelanga apho kutshintshelwa khona, ukukhulisa kwangaphambili, ukulungiswa kwethoni kunye neminye imisebenzi. Injongo yayo ephambili kukwenza i-output impedance yomthombo wesandi kwaye i-input impedance ye-back stage ihambelane nokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka, kodwa i-front stage ayilokhonkco eliyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo. I-back stage kukwandisa amandla e-signal output yi-front stage okanye i-sound source ukuqhuba inkqubo ye-loudspeaker ukuba ikhuphe isandi.

Isandisi-lizwi (isithethi): Iiyunithi zomqhubi zesandisi-lizwi yi-transducer ye-electro-acoustic, kwaye zonke iindawo zokucubungula isignali ekugqibeleni zilungiselelwe ukukhuthazwa kwesandisi-lizwi. Isignali yesandi ekhuliswe ngamandla ihambisa ikhowuni yephepha okanye i-diaphragm ngeziphumo ze-electromagnetic, piezoelectric okanye electrostatic ukuqhuba umoya ojikelezileyo ukwenza isandi. Isithethi sisiphelo senkqubo yesandi yonke.